Applications
skills
nature of science
|
understanding
elements in living organisms
|
Organic and inorganic compounds
|
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR ROLES
- Sulfur: Needed for the synthesis of two amino acids.
- Calcium: Acts as a messenger by binding to calmodulin and
processes in the cell.
- Phosphorus: Is part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate groups in ATP.
- Iron: Is needed for the synthesis of cytochromes which are proteins used during
- Sodium: When it enters the cytoplasm, it raises the solute concentration
THESE ELEMENTS HAVE OTHER SPECIFIC ROLES IN SOME ORGANISMS.
FOR EXAMPLE: IRON IS NEEDED TO MAKE HEMOGLOBIN IN MANY ANIMALS
AND CALCIUM IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE MINERALS THAT STRENGTHEN
BONES AND TEETH
SUBUNITS OF ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
- The molecules of many organic compounds are large and so are called macromolecules
- They are built up using small and relatively simple subunits
subunits of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Glucose
(a monosaccharide)
Amino acids
( each of the twenty amino acids in
proteins has a dfferent R group)
Ribose
( a monosaccharide)
Fatty acid
(number of carbon atoms and bonding between carbon
atoms varies)
Anabolism and catabolism
Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation´
reactions
Anabolism includes these processes:
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including
the hydrolisis of macromolecules into monomers
Catabolism includes these processes:
including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation´
reactions
Anabolism includes these processes:
- Protein synthesis using ribosomes
- DNA synthesis during replication
- Photosynthesis, including production of glucose from carbon dioxide and water
- Synthesis of complex carbohydrates including starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including
the hydrolisis of macromolecules into monomers
Catabolism includes these processes:
- Digestion of food in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
- Cell respiration in which glucose or lipids are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water
- Digestion of complex carbon compounds in dead organic matter by decomposers
sources:
https://sites.google.com/a/canacad.ac.jp/dpbio-davef/03-molecules
http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/01-cells-and-energy/
Pearson Baccalaureate
Study guide Biology
Molecular Biology notes
https://sites.google.com/a/canacad.ac.jp/dpbio-davef/03-molecules
http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/01-cells-and-energy/
Pearson Baccalaureate
Study guide Biology
Molecular Biology notes
TOK QUESTIONS
What are the criteria that can be used to distinguish scientific claims from pseudoscientific claims?
Pseudoscience is distinguishable from protoscience by reviewing its use of the scientific method. Protoscience may be defined as speculation or hypothesis which has not had time to be tested adequately by the scientific method. The testing of pseudoscience is characteristically wanting, occasionally untestable, and frequently unresponsive to accepted means; accordingly, scientific methods often fail to disprove pseudoscientific hypotheses (particularly untestable claims).
Pseudoscience is distinguishable from protoscience by reviewing its use of the scientific method. Protoscience may be defined as speculation or hypothesis which has not had time to be tested adequately by the scientific method. The testing of pseudoscience is characteristically wanting, occasionally untestable, and frequently unresponsive to accepted means; accordingly, scientific methods often fail to disprove pseudoscientific hypotheses (particularly untestable claims).